I walk by a home that is undergoing a complete transformation. It looked like parts of the ground floor were damaged — probably by pipes bursting during the record-setting low temperatures in February when it got down to -5 degrees — and the owners are taking this opportunity to not only repair the damage, but to add a second floor. Of course, in order to create a new environment, you have to throw away a lot of the old one. Many companies specialize in carting away your unwanted refuse. Let’s find out more about them.
According to Wikipedia, waste management or waste disposal includes the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies and economic mechanisms.
Waste can be solid, liquid or gaseous and each type has different methods of disposal and management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Health issues are associated throughout the entire process of waste management. Health issues can also arise indirectly or directly. Directly, through the handling of said waste, and indirectly through the consumption of water, soil and food. Waste is produced by human activity e.g., the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment, planetary resources and aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and developing nations) and regions (urban and rural areas). Residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches.
Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and liveable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. A report found that effective waste management is relatively expensive, usually comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets. Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable and socially supported. A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial and commercial activity. Measures of waste management include measures for integrated techno-economic mechanisms of a circular economy, effective disposal facilities, export and import control and optimal sustainable design of products that are produced.
In the first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste, its management and its impact on human health and life, authors concluded that about one-fourth of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste is not collected and an additional fourth is mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and uncontrolled fires — or close to one billion tons per year when combined. They also found that broad priority areas each lack a "high-quality research base," partly due to the absence of "substantial research funding," which motivated scientists often require.
Waste hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" — Reduce, Reuse and Recycle — which classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy is the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste. The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated i.e., by reuse. The next is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The waste hierarchy represents the progression of a product or material through the sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management. The hierarchy represents the latter parts of the life cycle for each product.
Life cycle of a product
The life cycle begins with design, then proceeds through manufacture, distribution and primary use and then follows through the waste hierarchy's stages of reduce, reuse and recycle. Each stage in the life cycle offers opportunities for policy intervention, to rethink the need for the product, to redesign to minimize waste potential and to extend its use. Product life-cycle analysis is a way to optimize the use of the world's limited resources by avoiding the unnecessary generation of waste.
Resource efficiency
Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and development cannot be sustained at current production and consumption patterns. Globally, humanity extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish. Resource efficiency is the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of these goods, from final raw material extraction to the last use and disposal.
Polluter-pays principle
The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on the environment. With respect to waste management, this principle generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.
History
Throughout most of history, the amount of waste generated by humans was insignificant due to low levels of population density and exploitation of natural resources. Common waste produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimum environmental impact. Tools made out of wood or metal were generally reused or passed down through the generations.
However, some civilizations have been more profligate in their waste output than others. In particular, the Maya of Central America had a fixed monthly ritual in which the people of the village would gather together and burn their rubbish in large dumps.
Following the onset of industrialization and the sustained urban growth of large population centers in England, the buildup of waste in the cities caused a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life. The streets became choked with filth due to the lack of waste clearance regulations. Calls for the establishment of a municipal authority with waste removal powers occurred as early as 1751, when Corbyn Morris in London proposed that "... as the preservation of the health of the people is of great importance, it is proposed that the cleaning of this city, should be put under one uniform public management, and all the filth be...conveyed by the Thames to proper distance in the country."
However, it was not until the mid-19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first legislation on the issue emerged. Highly influential in this new focus was the report “The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population” in 1842 of the social reformer Edwin Chadwick, in which he argued for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and well-being of the city's population.
In the UK, the Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Act of 1846 began what was to be a steadily evolving process of the provision of regulated waste management in London. The Metropolitan Board of Works was the first citywide authority that centralized sanitation regulation for the rapidly expanding city, and the Public Health Act 1875 made it compulsory for every household to deposit their weekly waste in "moveable receptacles" for disposal — the first concept for a dust bin or trash can.
The dramatic increase in waste for disposal led to the creation of the first incineration plants or, as they were then called, "destructors." In 1874, the first incinerator was built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. to the design of Alfred Fryer. However, these were met with opposition on account of the large amounts of ash they produced which wafted over the neighboring areas.
Similar municipal systems of waste disposal sprung up at the turn of the 20th century in other large cities of Europe and North America. In 1895, New York City became the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management.
Early garbage removal trucks were simply open bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century, and the first closed body trucks to eliminate odors with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain. These were soon equipped with “hopper mechanisms” where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. In 1938 the Garwood Load Packer was the first truck to incorporate a hydraulic compactor.
Waste handling practices
Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries, Canada, New Zealand, United States and many other parts of the developed world in which waste is collected at regular intervals by specialized trucks. It is often associated with curbside waste segregation. In rural areas, waste may need to be taken to a transfer station. Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal facility. In some areas, vacuum collection is used in which waste is transported from the home or commercial premises by vacuum along small bore tubes. Systems are in use in Europe and North America.
In some jurisdictions unsegregated waste is collected at the curbside or from waste transfer stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste. Such systems are capable of sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables and turning the rest into biogas and soil conditioner. In San Francisco, the local government established its “Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance” in support of its goal of "Zero Waste by 2020," requiring everyone in the city to keep recyclables and compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are collected with the curbside "Fantastic 3" bin system – blue for recyclables, green for compostables, and black for landfill-bound materials or trash – provided to residents and businesses and serviced by San Francisco's sole refuse hauler, Recology. The city's "pay-as-you-throw" system charges customers by the volume of landfill-bound materials, which provides a financial incentive to separate recyclables and compostables from other discards. The city's Department of the Environment's Zero Waste Program has led the city to achieve 80% diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America. Other businesses such as Raleigh, North Carolina-based Waste Industries use a variety of colors to distinguish between trash and recycling cans. In addition, in some areas of the world, the disposal of municipal solid waste can cause environmental strain due to officials not having benchmarks that help measure the environmental sustainability of certain practices.
Segregated waste is also often cheaper to dispose of because it does not require as much manual sorting as mixed waste. There are a number of important reasons why waste segregation is important such as legal obligations, cost savings and protection of human health and the environment. Institutions should make it as easy as possible for their staff to correctly segregate their waste. This can include labelling, making sure there are enough accessible bins and clearly indicating why segregation is so important.[26] Labeling is especially important when dealing with nuclear waste due to how much harm to human health the excess products of the nuclear cycle can cause.
Landfill
A landfill is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial. Landfill is the oldest form of waste treatment, although the burial of the waste is modern; historically, refuse was simply left in piles or thrown into pits. Landfills must be open and available to users every day. While the majority of its customers are municipalities, commercial and construction companies, residents are also allowed to use the landfill in most cases. Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.
Incineration
Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of both municipal solid waste and solid residue from wastewater treatment. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste by 80% to 95%. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment." Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.
Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials, such as biological medical waste. Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants including substantial quantities of crbon dioxide.
Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is scarce, as the facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy or energy-from-waste are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect, and there have been concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on some very persistent organic compounds such as dioxins, furans and PAHs, which may be created and which may have serious environmental consequences and some heavy metals such as mercury and lead which can be volatilized in the combustion process.
Recycling
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. This process involves breaking down and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash. There are numerous benefits of recycling, and with so many new technologies making even more materials recyclable, it is possible to clean up the Earth. Recycling not only benefits the environment but also positively effects the economy. The materials from which the items are made can be made into new products. Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called curbside collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into different bins — e.g., for paper, plastics and metals — prior to its collection. In other communities, all recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a central facility. The latter method is known as "single-stream recycling."
The most common consumer products recycled include aluminum such as beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment, rubber tires, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars, paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper and corrugated fiberboard boxes.
Polyvinyl chloride or PVC, low-density polyethylene or LDPE, polypropylene or PP and polystyrene or PS are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products — such as computers and electronic equipment — is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.
The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials. However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is reprocessed. Some of the types of recycling include waste paper and cardboard, plastics, metals, electronic devices, wood, glass, cloth and textiles and so many more. In July 2017, the Chinese government announced an import ban of 24 categories of recyclables and solid waste, including plastic, textiles and mixed paper, placing tremendous impact on developed countries globally, which exported directly or indirectly to China.
Biological reprocessing
Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps and paper products can be recovered through comosting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process such as methane can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat — combined heat and power/cogeneration — maximizing efficiencies. There are different types of composting and digestion methods and technologies. They vary in complexity from simple home compost heaps to large scale industrial digestion of mixed domestic waste. The different methods of biological decomposition are classified as aerobic or anaerobic methods. Some methods use hybrids of these two methods. The anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of solid waste is more environmentally effective than landfill or incineration. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.
Energy recovery
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable heat, electricity or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery. This process is often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the nonhazardous waste management hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert nonrecyclable waste materials into electricity and heat generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources, as well as reduce methane generation from landfills. Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management.
The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burned to produce energy or refined into other chemical products. The solid residue or char can be further refined into products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burned to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolysis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition or hydrothermal monophasic oxidation.
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. Different types of waste input — plant waste, food waste, tires, etc. — placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a process of thermochemical decomposition of organic materials by heat in the absence of stoichiometric quantities of oxygen; the decomposition produces various hydrocarbon gases. During pyrolysis, the molecules of object vibrate at high frequencies to an extent that molecules start breaking down. The rate of pyrolysis increases with temperature. In industrial applications, temperatures are above 800 °F. Slow pyrolysis produces gases and solid charcoal. Pyrolysis holds promise for conversion of waste biomass into useful liquid fuel. Pyrolysis of waste wood and plastics can potentially produce fuel. The solids left from pyrolysis contain metals, glass, sand and pyrolysis coke which does not convert to gas. Compared to the process of incineration, certain types of pyrolysis processes release less harmful byproducts that contain alkali metals, sulphur and chlorine. However, pyrolysis of some waste yields gases which impact the environment such as hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide.
Resource recovery
Resource recovery is the systematic diversion of waste, which was intended for disposal, for a specific next use. It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and resources, or convert to energy. These activities are performed at a resource recovery facility. Resource recovery is not only environmentally important, but it is also cost-effective. It decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills and conserves natural resources.
Resource recovery uses life-cycle analysis to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed municipal solid waste, a number of broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the nonorganic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the favored path.
As an example of how resource recycling can be beneficial, many items thrown away contain metals that can be recycled to create a profit, such as the components in circuit boards. Wood chippings in pallets and other packaging materials can be recycled to useful products for horticulture. The recycled chips can cover paths, walkways or arena surfaces.
Application of rational and consistent waste management practices can yield a range of benefits including:
1. Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recyclables can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials, resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities.
2. Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practices, the resulting consequences are more appealing civic communities. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities.
3. Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practices can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.
Sustainability
The management of waste is a key component in a business' ability to maintain ISO14001 accreditation. The standard encourages companies to improve their environmental efficiencies each year by eliminating waste through resource recovery practices. One way to do this is by adopting resource recovery practices like recycling materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles and metal. Recycled materials can often be sold to the construction industry. Many inorganic waste streams can be used to produce materials for construction. Concrete and bricks can be recycled as artificial gravel. This topic was on the agenda of the International WASCON conference in Spain in June 2015 and on the international Conference on Green Urbanism, held in Italy 12–14 October 2016.
Sewage sludge
Sewage sludge is produced by wastewater treatment processes. Due to rapid urbanization, there has been an increase in municipal waste water that results in 0.1–30.8 kg of sewage per population equivalent per year. Common disposal practices of sewage sludge are incineration, composting and landfill.
Avoidance and reduction methods
An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created, also known as waste reduction. Waste Minimization is reducing the quantity of hazardous wastes achieved through a thorough application of innovative or alternative procedures. Methods of avoidance include reuse of secondhand products, repairing broken items instead of buying new ones, designing products to be refillable or reusable — such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags, encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable products such as disposable cutlery, removing any food/liquid remains from cans and packaging and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose e.g., lightweighting of beverage cans.
International waste movement
While waste transport within a given country falls under national regulations, trans-boundary movement of waste is often subject to international treaties. A major concern to many countries in the world has been hazardous waste. The Basel Convention, ratified by 172 countries, deprecates movement of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. The provisions of the Basel Convention have been integrated into the European Union waste shipment regulation. Radioactive waste, although considered hazardous, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Basel Convention.
A 2018 study found that "informal networks of traders, buyers and sellers exploit the porosity of borders to escape the constraining EU regulatory framework.”
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